How Composition Methods Are Developed and Validated

Alternative methods in toxicology: pre-validated and validated methods

The development of alternative methods to animal experimentation has progressed rapidly over the last 20 years. Today, in vitro and in silico methods have an important role in the hazard identification and assessment of toxicology profile of compounds. Advanced alternative methods and their combinations are also used for safety assessment of final products. Several alternative methods, which we...

How should Rural Women's Enterprises Be Developed and Promoted?

This study was a qualitative research which was done by a case study approach. The samples were chosen from rural development experts of Hamedan Province during a snowball sampling process. The data were collected by the semistructured interviews. The data collection was done by faceto- face interviews, after the interview questions guide was determined. The theoretical saturation was attained ...

How Relevant Are Chess Composition Conventions?

Composition conventions are guidelines used by human composers in composing chess problems. They are particularly significant in composition tournaments. Examples include, not having any ‘check’ in the first move of the solution and not ‘dressing up’ the board with unnecessary pieces. Conventions are often associated or even directly conflated with the overall aesthetics or beauty of a composit...

Food Taxes: How Likely Are Likely Effects?

Validated Explicit and Implicit Runge-Kutta Methods∗†

A set of validated numerical integration methods based on explicit and implicit Runge-Kutta schemes is presented to solve, in a guaranteed way, initial value problems of ordinary differential equations. Runge-Kutta methods are well-known to have strong stability properties, which make them appealing to be the basis of validated numerical integration methods. A new approach to bound the local tr...